The industrial sector:
The industrial revolution
Without any doubt the industrial revolution is and was one of the most important parts of human history. It changed the life of nearly every human being on our whole planet and the results are so common for us that we don’t even think about them in our daily lives.
Industrial changes:
The industrial revolution began at the 2nd half of the 18th century. There exists no uniformed theory how it came up. We can separate the industrial revolution in three parts:
1. industrial revolution (approx.
1760 - 1830)
It started in England because this country had colonies with a huge amount of natural resources, a good traffic system, great financial reserves, sufficient workers and a lot of people with revolutionary ideas. Another important fact was that the state itself didn’t interfere in the economy and so a free economy market could grow.
First there was an agrarian revolution: The great land owners got rich at the expense of the small farmers. Because of this many of them went into the rapidly growing cities where they hoped to find a better life.
The former small factories were replaced by larger more efficient ones. So large stock companies developed.
Banking institutions, the industry and the financial world supported each other because in these times political power of the Europeans was based on industrial superiority. It resulted in a world-wide economy and commercial room with international exchange of goods.
The most important inventions of the 1st industrial revolution:
1764
James Hargrieves built `Spinning Jenny´ a spinning frame with the name of his daughter
1779
Samuel Crompton improved the spinning frames with the help of water power and steam engines
1784
First mechanical loom of Edmund Cartwright
James Watt finished his project of the steam engine
1804
Richard Trevithick built the first high pressure steam locomotive
1819
the first steam powered ship crossed the Atlantic
steam engines were inserted in coal disassembly
2. industrial revolution (end of the 19th century)
The use of electric power and the chemical sector became the leading secorts in the second industrial revolution. Many new inventions in these sectors initiated another great industrial growth.
The most important inventions of the 2nd industrial revolution:
1837
Samuel Morse invented the electro-magnetic telegraph
1872
Graham Bell invented the phone
1881
Thomas Edison presented the electric light bulb
Werner Siemens developed the dynamo
1876
August Otto and Gottfried Daimler constructed the four stroke gas engine
1900
started the first zeppelin of count Zeppelin
1927
Charles Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic with an airplane
3.
industrial revolution (now)
plastics dissolves iron in much importance
computer & robots replace human workers in production and manufacturing
nuclear power replaces in most parts of the world the traditional water and coal power
Social changes
The industrial revolution formed two new society groups: The entrepreneurs and the wage workers (mostly proletarian).
The entrepreneurs: The owners of the new companies and factories were mostly financially powerful merchants and sometimes also members of the nobility. The entrepreneurs were carrier of a new mind. Their leitmotif was: Work means no reduction of social reputation but was a life content. The affiliation to industry bourgeoisie already appeared purely external through big and well arranged apartments, fashionable and elegant clothes, a villa on the outskirts of a town and an own domestic.
Wage workers: The factory workforce formed itself from the group of persons that worked in the factories, from the craftsmen and from the farmers.
They owned no own estate and could only offer their working power. Women and children were also forced for work at factories and mines. They also had no politically rights because in these times only the rich or noble persons were allowed to vote. The state prevented the solidarity of the workers simultaneously through strike and coalition prohibitions.
The industrialisation didn’t only bring good things. It also laid the fundamentals for many problems that are still existing:
mass poverty
dangerous and unhealthy conditions of work
long working times
severe discipline
bad payment
physical overstrain
By Autschi@liwest.
at
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